For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34043
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Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
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This report, which replaces a 2004 report on the same subject (CRS Report RL32570, Interstate
Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2004 Update), provides updated information on interstate
shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not
enacted, numerous bills that would allow states to impose restrictions on interstate waste
shipments, a step the Constitution prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization. Over
this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped
across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This
report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It generally presents data as of 2005.
Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise due to the closure of older local landfills and the
consolidation of the waste management industry. More than 42 million tons of municipal solid
waste crossed state lines for disposal in 2005, an increase of 8% over 2003. Waste imports have
grown significantly since CRS began tracking them in the early 1990s, and now represent 25.3%
of the municipal solid waste disposed at landfills and waste combustion facilities. In the last 10
years, reported imports have increased 147%.
Pennsylvania remains the largest waste importer. The state received more than 7.9 million tons of
MSW and 1.7 million tons of other non-hazardous waste from out of state in 2005. Most of this
waste came from New Jersey and New York. Pennsylvania's waste imports represented 19% of
the national total. Virginia and Michigan, the second and third largest importers, received 5.7
million tons and 5.4 million tons from out of state respectively in 2005, each of them about 30%
less than the amount received by Pennsylvania.
With the exception of Pennsylvania, each of the 15 largest importers showed an increase in waste
imports, compared to our last survey, which provided data as of 2003. Indiana, Michigan, and
Wisconsin showed particularly large increases, with Ohio, New York, Oregon, and Georgia also
increasing substantially. In each of these states, waste imports increased by 300,000 tons or more,
in some cases substantially more. In all, 30 states had increased imports in the current report, and
11 states reported imports that exceeded 1 million tons.
While waste imports increased overall, Pennsylvania, the leading importer, reported a sharp
decline in imports. Pennsylvania's imports fell for the fourth year in a row: about 2.7 million
fewer tons of out-of-state MSW were received at Pennsylvania landfills in 2005 than in 2001.
Factors causing this decline included the imposition of an additional $4.00 per ton state fee on
waste disposal and the absence of rail service at Pennsylvania landfills.
New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey in second place. Nine other
states (Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, Minnesota, North Carolina,
Indiana, and Florida), the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario also
exported more than 1 million tons each.
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Total Shipments ............................................................................................................................... 2
Waste Import Highlights.................................................................................................................. 9
Major Exporters..............................................................................................................................11
Net Imports and Exports................................................................................................................ 12
Additional Information.................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year, in Tons..................................... 3
Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year, in Tons..................................... 3
Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year.................................................... 4
Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year.................................................... 5
Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year................................ 7
Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of
Imported MSW, by State ............................................................................................................ 14
Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 29
This report provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW).
Concerned about increased waste imports, some states have attempted to regulate this commerce,
by imposing barriers or requirements specific to waste importation; federal courts, however, have
declared such state restrictions unconstitutional. If states are to have such authority, these
decisions say, congressional action is required.
Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would grant
such authority.1 Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much
waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by
proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It updates
information provided in earlier CRS reports.2
The report presents information gathered through telephone contacts with solid waste officials in
the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario (which ships large
quantities of waste to the United States, principally to Michigan). The data obtained from these
contacts are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figures 1 and 2. Table 4 presents additional
information, including the names and telephone numbers of state contacts, and in some cases
links to detailed reports on solid waste management in the specific state that are available on the
Web.
Not all states require reporting of waste imports, and very few track exports, so the available data
are incomplete, and in some cases represent estimates rather than actual measurements. In a
number of cases, faced with conflicting reports from exporters and importers or no quantitative
data at all, the report provides CRS's best estimate, based on discussions with state officials or
other sources.
Seven of the states provided data for a period other than calendar year 2005--either a fiscal year
that included part of 2005 or a different calendar year. This adds another layer of imprecision:
CRS generally combined data for whatever was the reporting period closest to 2005, even though
in these seven cases, this meant combining data from somewhat different time periods. The
exceptions are noted in the appropriate tables. As a result, many of the totals reported here
represent a best estimate rather than precise figures.
1
Legislation on interstate shipment of waste has been introduced in every Congress since the 100th. In the 104th
Congress, the Senate passed S. 534, which would have granted states authority to restrict new shipments of municipal
solid waste from out of state, if requested by an affected local government. In the 103rd Congress, both the House and
Senate passed interstate waste legislation (H.R. 4779 and S. 2345), but lack of agreement on common language
prevented enactment. For a discussion of the issues addressed in these bills, see CRS Report RS20106, Interstate Waste
Transport: Legislative Issues, by James E. McCarthy.
2
This report replaces CRS Report RL32570, Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2004 Update, by James E.
McCarthy. Earlier reports, many of which are now out of print but available directly from the author, were prepared in
2002, 2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, and 1993.
The data show that total interstate waste shipments continue to rise:3 imports in the current survey
totaled 42.2 million tons, 17% of the 245.7 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the
United States.4 Of municipal waste disposed (as opposed to recycled or composted), the
percentage is higher. EPA estimates that 79.0 million tons of municipal solid waste were recycled
or composted in 2005, leaving 166.7 million tons to be disposed in landfills or incinerators. Of
this amount, 25.3% crossed state lines for disposal.5
Between CRS's year 2004 report (reporting largely 2003 data) and the current survey (reporting
generally 2005 data), imports increased 3.2 million tons, or 8%. Since 1995, reported imports
have risen 147%, from 17.1 million tons in 1995 to 42.2 million tons in the current survey.
3
We rely on imports rather than exports as our measure of total shipments, because we believe that waste management
facilities and states have a greater interest in accurately measuring imports than they do exports. Often the amounts
received and their source are subject to formal legal reporting requirements and/or fees, with penalties for failure to
report. Exports are not generally subject to such requirements.
4
Because many of the larger importing states now differentiate MSW from other non-hazardous waste imports, we
compared total MSW imports to EPA's national estimate of MSW generation (245.7 million tons in 2005). For EPA
data on waste generation, see Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures, at
http://www.epa.gov/msw/pubs/mswchar05.pdf. State-reported waste generation, summarized in BioCycle magazine's
biannual survey, is substantially higher (509 million tons in 2004) but may include other nonhazardous waste, provided
it was disposed at MSW facilities. For state-reported data, see Phil Simmons, Nora Goldstein, Scott M. Kaufman,
Nickolas J. Themelis, and James Thompson, Jr., "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 2006, p. 26.
Removing Canadian waste from the total imports would also reduce the percentage of waste crossing state lines for
disposal, from 17% to 16%.
5
Much of the waste destined for recycling may also have crossed state lines, but waste destined for recycling is not as
controversial as that sent for disposal. In addition, recycling facilities do not generally require permits by state agencies.
Thus, amounts shipped across state lines for recycling cannot generally be tracked by the solid waste agencies.
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Thirty states had increased imports of municipal waste since 2003, with the largest increases
occurring in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. These three states, along with Pennsylvania and
Virginia, accounted for 56% of total municipal waste imports in 2005.
As shown in Table 1, Pennsylvania continues to be the largest waste importer. Disposal facilities
in the state received 7.9 million tons of MSW and 1.7 million tons of other nonhazardous waste
from out of state in 2005. The amounts represented 39% of all solid waste disposed in the state
and 19% of the national total for interstate MSW shipments. Pennsylvania has abundant landfill
capacity, relatively low tipping fees, and is near two major states that have a shortage of disposal
capacity: New York and New Jersey.
Despite the state's continued predominance on the list of waste importers, Pennsylvania's MSW
imports actually declined for the fourth year in a row in 2005--a cumulative decrease of more
than 2.7 million tons. This happened simultaneously with continued growth of interstate waste
shipments along the Eastern seabord.
Several factors appear to have been at work. First, beginning in 2002, Pennsylvania imposed a
new state fee of $4.00 per ton on waste disposal. Added to pre-existing fees, the state and local
governments in Pennsylvania now collect $7.25 on each ton of waste disposed in the state. This
may have provided sufficient economic incentive for some haulers to dispose elsewhere. Second,
the state appears to be receiving less waste from New York City, whose Mayor has adopted a goal
of shipping all of New York City's waste by rail, rather than truck. Pennsylvania has no landfills
served by rail, so some of this waste has been diverted to large landfills in Virginia that do have
rail service.
After Pennsylvania, Virginia is the largest waste importer, with imports totaling 5.7 million tons
of MSW and 1.3 million tons of other nonhazardous waste. Waste imports to Virginia have
increased 45% since 2001, when they totaled 4.1 million tons of MSW and 0.7 million tons of
other waste. The state has attempted to restrict imports, but has not been as successful as
Pennsylvania, in part because it has chosen a variety of measures that have run afoul of the
Constitution's interstate commerce clause. These included a ban on barge shipping of wastes on
Virginia rivers, truck regulations that applied only to commercial solid waste transporters, and
daily limits on the amount of waste that Virginia landfills could accept.6
Michigan, the third-largest waste importer for the past several years, has also seen substantial
growth in imports. Significant amounts of waste come to Michigan from Indiana, Illinois, and
other neighboring states; but the biggest source, accounting for 69% of Michigan's out-of-state
waste, is Ontario, Canada. Ontario is also Michigan's neighbor, but the fact that it lies in a foreign
country and that it has large expanses of open land where landfills might be sited seems to have
added additional notoriety to its waste shipments. Ontario's shipments to Michigan have grown as
Toronto, Canada's largest city, awarded new contracts for waste disposal and closed its last two
landfills. At the beginning of 1999, the Toronto area was generating about 2.8 million tons of
waste annually, of which about 700,000 tons were shipped to Michigan. By early 2003, however,
6
See "Federal Appeals Court Strikes Majority of Virginia Restrictions on Trash Imports," Daily Environment Report,
June 7, 2001, p. A-2. The case decided was Waste Management Holdings, Inc. v. Gilmore, 252 F.3d 316 (4th Cir 2001).
there was virtually no local disposal capacity in the Toronto area, and almost all of the waste was
being shipped to Michigan, where large disposal sites offered very low cost disposal.
In August 2006, the Ontario Minister of the Environment reached an agreement with Michigan's
two Senators, under which Ontario will eliminate shipments of municipally managed waste to
Michigan by the end of 2010. In return, the Senators agreed not to pursue passage of legislation
that would have imposed large inspection fees and other requirements on Ontario's waste
shipments to the United States.7 On September 19, 2006, Toronto's City Council approved a letter
of intent to purchase a landfill near London, Ontario, where it is expected to ship its waste as it
phases out shipments to Michigan.
The agreement reached by the two Michigan Senators in their exchange of letters with Ontario's
Minister of the Environment would not eliminate the majority of the waste shipped from Ontario
to Michigan, however. The agreement refers to "municipally managed waste," and specifically
uses a 2005 baseline amount of 1.34 million metric tons of municipal waste shipped.8 About two-
thirds of the waste shipped from Ontario is not "municipally managed"--it is waste collected by
private haulers and shipped to Michigan landfills under private contracts. These wastes are
exported to Michigan either because it provides lower cost disposal options or because the
landfills in Michigan are controlled by the same company that collects the waste in Canada. The
provincial government and the local governments within the province have no authority to
prevent these private waste shipments from leaving Ontario. (For additional information on
Canadian waste import issues, see CRS Report RL33720, Imports of Canadian Waste.)
In other highlights from the CRS survey:
� Eleven states reported imports exceeding 1 million tons per year, an increase
from 10 in CRS's last survey. Indiana, the additional state, jumped from 11th to
4th on the list with an increase of 1.5 million tons.
� In addition to the 11 states that imported more than a million tons, another 20
states had imports exceeding 100,000 tons.
� Besides the three big increases discussed above (Indiana, Virginia, and
Michigan), states that reported major increases in imports compared to CRS's
previous survey were Wisconsin, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Georgia, Illinois,
Maine, Tennessee, and Kansas, each of which reported an increase of at least
100,000 tons. Growth of waste imports in the Great Lakes states was particularly
strong: together, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois saw an
increase of 3.65 million tons in MSW imports.
� New Jersey remains on the list of major importers, with 1.7 million tons of MSW
imports in 2005. The state is also a major exporter of waste: receiving states
estimated New Jersey's exports at 5.8 million tons. The absence of flow control
(local government requirements that waste within their jurisdiction be disposed at
local facilities, which were overturned by the courts in the mid-1990s) has led to
increased waste exports from New Jersey over the last decade. Waste-to-energy
facilities in New Jersey, in turn, began importing MSW in order to replace local
7
Letter of Senators Stabenow and Levin to Hon. Lauerl C. Broten, Ontario Minister of the Environment, August 30,
2006.
8
Letter of Laurel C. Broten, Ontario Minister of the Environment, to Senators Stabenow and Levin, August 30, 2006.
waste flowing elsewhere. As a result, large amounts of waste have entered New
Jersey from New York in recent years. On April 30, 2007, the Supreme Court
held, in the United Haulers case, that flow-control ordinances requiring delivery
of local waste to a publicly-owned processing facility do not violate the
Constitution's commerce clause, making it clear that some forms of flow control
can survive judicial scrutiny.9 New Jersey officials do not expect the decision to
have much impact on waste exports or imports, however.10
� Besides Pennsylvania, only Alabama experienced a major decrease in imports in
2005. Imports to Alabama have been particularly volatile. They declined by
almost 270,000 tons (65%) in 2005, compared to 2003, but rebounded 150,000
tons in 2006. Even after that increase, they were less than half the peak amount
recorded in 2002.
� Ten other states reported declines in waste imports. The declines were generally
small--in half the cases, less than 20,000 tons.
� Although there are no comprehensive data, imports to transfer stations11 have
been a political issue in some locations. Transfer stations are generally located in
urban areas and are subject to less stringent regulation than disposal facilities.
Heavy truck traffic and odors have aroused concerns in some neighboring
communities. Connecticut, Rhode Island, the District of Columbia, and South
Carolina have reported significant amounts of out-of-state waste imported to
transfer stations, then exported to other states for disposal. A New York City plan
to export most of its waste to transfer stations in New Jersey raised substantial
controversy, before being rescinded.
�
As shown in Table 2, eleven states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Washington, Minnesota, North Carolina, Indiana, and Florida) and the District of
Columbia each exported more than 1 million tons of waste to facilities in other states in the latest
reporting period, and 21 other states exported more than 100,000 tons. As noted above, the
Canadian province of Ontario also exported a substantial amount of municipal waste (nearly 4
million tons), most of it to Michigan.12
Although the reported amount of total waste exports grew by more than 4 million tons, shipments
from the two largest exporting states, New York and New Jersey, did not increase. Compared to
CRS's last survey, New York's exports fell more than a million tons to 7.2 million tons in 2005,
according to 10 receiving states. New Jersey's estimated exports, 5.8 million tons, remained
steady.
9
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth., 127 S. Ct. 1786 (2007).
10
Personal communication, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, May 30, 2007.
11
Transfer stations receive waste from collection trucks, compact it, bale it, and load it on larger trucks for disposal
elsewhere.
12
Another Canadian province, British Columbia, also exports waste to the United States, but the amount is
substantially smaller (about 100,000 tons to Washington state).
By far, the largest growth in exports came from Illinois, whose exports more than doubled, to 4.4
million tons.13 Most of the exports originate in Cook County (Chicago and its suburbs), which has
a relative shortage of disposal capacity. Illinois as a whole has reported a more than doubling of
landfill capacity since 1995, but Chicago is located near the border of both Indiana and
Wisconsin; so increases in capacity elsewhere in Illinois may not affect disposal decisions in the
Chicago metropolitan area.
In all, 10 states and Ontario increased waste exports by more than 100,000 tons each in the
period. In addition to Illinois and Ontario, Minnesota and Florida showed the largest increases.
Five states and D.C. had decreases of more than 100,000 tons. Besides New York, the others were
Georgia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan.
�
Table 3 combines import and export data to rank the states by net amounts imported or exported.
The table shows that 21 states were net importers; 24 plus the District of Columbia were net
exporters. Thirty-eight of the 50 states had net imports or exports exceeding 100,000 tons in the
reporting period; 22 exceeded 500,000 tons. Perhaps most interesting, given the tendency to
identify states as either exporters or importers, 25 states both exported and imported in excess of
100,000 tons of municipal solid waste, an increase from 23 in CRS's last report.
Several factors are at work here. In the larger states, there are sometimes differences in available
disposal capacity in different regions within the state. Areas without capacity may be closer to
landfills (or may at least find cheaper disposal options) in other states. A good example is Illinois:
the Chicago area, which is close to two other states, exports significant amounts of waste out of
state. Downstate, however, Illinois has substantial available landfill capacity, and imported 2
million tons from St. Louis, other locations in Missouri, and Iowa.
As noted earlier, the movement of waste also represents the regionalization and consolidation of
the waste industry. In 2005, the three largest firms (Waste Management, Allied Waste, and
Republic Services) accounted for 66% of total revenues of the industry's 100 largest firms.14
These large firms offer integrated waste services, from collection to transfer station to disposal
site, in many locations. Often, they ship waste to their own disposal facility across a border, rather
than dispose of it at an in-state facility owned by a rival. As small landfills continue to close--the
number of U.S. landfills declined 63% between 1993 and 2004, from 4,482 to 1,65415--this trend
toward regionalization, consolidation, and waste shipment across state lines is likely to continue.
The remainder of this report consists of a table summarizing waste import and export data, by
state. All 50 states and the District of Columbia are listed in alphabetical order, with data for the
13
Illinois, like most states, does not report waste exports. This export estimate was derived from data provided by
neighboring states.
14
"Waste Age 100," Waste Age, June 2006, p. 22.
15
"The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 1994, p. 51, and April 2006, pp. 38, 40.
amount of waste exported, destination of exports, amount of waste imported, source of imports,
and a state agency contact for additional information.
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4026-143 )619( .ainrofilaC morf deppihs
draoB tnemeganaM etsaW detargetnI AC .morf semoc etsaw snot WSM fo snot 905,658
,erooM-alaS yrrehS erehw fo kcart peek ton seod etatS .5002 ni snot 437,57 005,824 anozirA troper setats gnivieceR ainrofilaC
notgnihsaW ot gnidrocca adanaC
,setatS detinU eht ot ,aibmuloC
.A.N .A.N .A.N notgnihsaW snot 438,101 deppihs .C.B hsitirB
snot 342,7 eessenneT
.3002
snot 125,22 saxeT ecnis snot 000,05 tsomla
.saera redrob ot snot 598,92 ippississiM fo esaercni na ,sasnakrA
0060-286 )105( denifnoc dna llams ylevitaler morf snot 303,161
ygolocE dna lortnoC noitulloP fo .tpeD RA .6002 ni sasnakrA ot deppihs era stropmi taht seveileb tub snot gniviecer detroper
,ekaepS nasuS snot 475,7 detroper iruossiM ,stropmi kcart ton seod etatS 446,101 )60`( iruossiM setats gniviecer ruoF sasnakrA
.snot
000,7 ta stropxe latot
setamitse SRC ,setamitse
etats no desaB .hatU dna
,adaveN ,ocixeM weN ot
.)snot 004( ocixeM .hatU ot snot 005 dna ;adaveN saera redrob morf swolf
3714-177 )206( weN dna )snot 005,4( adaveN ot snot 002,1 ;ocixeM weN ot llams era erehT .WSM
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD ZA morf stnuoma llamS .ainrofilaC wolf yam snot 000,01 dna 000,1 fo stnuoma tnacifingis
,eknaJ divaD morf )snot 005,824( lla ylraeN .5002 ni snot 004,334 neewteb taht setamitse anozirA tropxe ton seod anozirA anozirA
3557-962 )709(
noitavresnoC latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD KA .notgnihsaW ot gnidrocca
,streboR refinneJ .A.N .stropmi oN .notgnihsaW ,5002 ni snot 102,52 aksalA
.)2002
ni snot 000,576( tnuoma snot 91 aigroeG
.eldnahnap adirolF kaep eht flah naht ssel snot 715,79 ippississiM
5577-172 )433( eht dna aigroeG morf yltsom deniamer tub ,6002 ni snot .5002 ni amabalA morf
tnemeganaM latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD LA si ti seveileb tub ,etsaw detropmi fo 783,792 ot ,delbuod stropmI snot WSM fo snot 007,132
,sivaD pilihP snigiro eht kcart ton seod etats ehT .5002 ni snot 736,641 461,431 eessenneT troper setats gnivieceR amabalA
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
etatS yb ,WSM detropmI fo secruoS dna tnuomA dna ,WSM detropxE fo noitanitseD dna tnuomA . 4 elbaT
.dnalyraM
ni setanigiro snoitats refsnart
.C.D ta deldnah etsaw
eht fo retrauq eno tuoba
,.C.D ot gnidroccA .lasopsid
rof detropxe neht si etsaw
sihT .tcirtsiD eht ni detacol
snoitats refsnart ot dnalyraM .llew sa ,dnalyraM
morf etsaw fo stnuoma ot tnew tnuoma niatrecnu nA .ainigriV
1415-546 )202( laitnatsbus detropmi snot 858,1 ainavlysnneP ot tnew hcihw fo klub eht
noisiviD sah .C.D tub ,aibmuloC ,5002 ni snot 855,160,1
etsaW diloS ,skroW cilbuP fo .tpeD .C.D fo tcirtsiD eht ni seitilicaf snot tsael ta gniviecer aibmuloC
,nosredneH samohT .dnalyraM lasopsid on era erehT 007,950,1 ainigriV detroper setats gnivieceR fo tcirtsiD
.etsaw etats-fo-tuo .3002 ecnis %57
gnitpecca morf detibihorp tuoba fo enilced a ,setats
era dna etats eht yb denwo .yesreJ weN gniviecer morf stroper no
3049-937 )203( era etats eht ni sllifdnal WSM dna dnalyraM ot stnuoma llamS desab 5002 ni snot 000,03
,lortnoC latnemnorivnE llA .tnuoma elbigilgen a ylekil snot 147,8 ainavlysnneP ta stropxe setamitse
dna secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD ED si ti syas tub stropmi WSM SRC .stropxe WSM
,rukraM ycnaN .A.N kcart ton seod etats ehT snot 735,81 ainigriV kcart ton seod etats ehT erawaleD
snot 92 .aV tseW
snot 63 nagihciM
snot 968,3 aigroeG
snot 151,18 sttesuhcassaM
snot
108,131 oihO
snot 812,3 dnalsI edohR snot
007,102 ainavlysnneP
7323-424 )068( snot 967,3 kroY weN .5002 .5002 ni tucitcennoC morf
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TC ni stropmi WSM fo snot snot snot 995,636 gniviecer
,lavaleB yduJ snot 429,63 sttesuhcassaM 129,34 stroper tucitcennoC 310,812 kroY weN detroper setats xiS tucitcennoC
.aksarbeN .setats gnirobhgien ot
8433-296 )303( dna sasnaK morf detropmi detropxe eb yam stnuoma
tnemnorivnE dna htlaeH cilbuP fo .tpeD OC eb yam stnuoma llamS llams yreV .stropxe
,nosnhoJ selrahC aksarbeN ,sasnaK .stropmi kcart ton seod etatS ocixeM weN ,aksarbeN ,sasnaK kcart ton seod etatS odaroloC
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.revewoh ,iiawaH
morf seititnauq laitnatsbus
tropmi ot noissimrep rof
deilppa sah smetsyS etsaW
ohadI .yltnerruc detropmi snot 008,1 nogerO .5002 ni
6140-373 )802( etsaw fo tnuoma egral a snot 000,92 anatnoM snot 650,36 troper setats
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD DI .adaveN ton si ereht syas tub ,stropmi gniviecer eerhT .stropxe
,trelhE naeD dna nogerO morf stnuoma llamS kcart ton seod ohadI snot 652,23 notgnihsaW kcart ton seod ohadI ohadI
.noitaredisnoc rednu era
ohadI ro etats notgnihsaW
4424-685 )808( ot uhaO morf etsaw
htlaeH fo .tpeD IH tropxe ot slasoporP .5002
,uiS yraG .A.N .WSM fo stropmi oN .A.N ni WSM fo stropxe oN iiawaH
snot 489,11 srehto 21
snot 454,92 dnalyraM
snot 380,03 eessenneT
snot 786,83 dnalsI .hR
snot 866,24 aniloraC .N
snot 543,57 kroY weN .3002 ni
snot 000,006 detamitse na
snot 837,18 aniloraC .S morf desaerced stropxE
.2002 ecnis snot 650,71 eessenneT .setats gniviecer eerht
snot 747,493 yesreJ .N
3354-263 )404( snot 000,057 yb desaercni snot 018,82 aniloraC .S morf elbaliava noitamrofni
secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD AG snot evah stropmi etsaW no desab stropxe fo snot
,nosneH ttocS 116,930,1 adirolF .5002 ni snot 713,447,1 snot 000,57 amabalA 000,521 setamitse SRC aigroeG
.noitareneg etsaw s'adirolF
fo %3 ylno tneserper
.redrob adirolF eht llits tub ,3002 ecnis snot
raen seitic etats-fo-tuo rojam 000,053 desaercni aigroeG
on era ereht dna ,aigroeG .amabalA ot stropxE .5002 ni
ni evisnepxe ssel si lasopsid ot og yam stnuoma llamS adirolF morf WSM fo snot
4178-542 )058( ecnis ,tropmi ot evitnecni noillim 1 revo gniviecer
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD LF elttil si erehT .stropmi snot stroper aigroeG .stropxe
,neroG reteP .A.N kcart ton seod etats ehT 116,930,1 aigroeG kcart ton seod etats ehT adirolF
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.sasnaK ni denepo
llifdnal wen a esuaceb
snot 364,3 aksarbeN ,6002 ni "nwod yaw tnew"
snot 282,54 iruossiM
4270-692 )587( snot 994,72 amohalkO .iruossiM stropxe etsaW .5002
tnemnorivnE dna htlaeH fo .tpeD SK morf lla tsomla ,5002 snot ni snot 051,644 fo stropxe
,ekcinneM enitsirhC snot 653,967 iruossiM ni WSM fo snot 813,008 868,004 amohalkO WSM stroper sasnaK sasnaK
).noitats refsnart
a hguorht gnissap tuohtiw
deluah yltcerid etsaw edulcni
ton od aksarbeN ot stropxE(
snot 109,2 nisnocsiW
snot 73 nisnocsiW
snot 259,8 aksarbeN
snot 820,5 aksarbeN
snot 758,01 iruossiM .6002YF ni snot snot 407,6 iruossiM
8694-182 )515( snot 478,11 sionillI 529,182 ot denilced stropmI
secruoseR larutaN fo tpeD AI .5002YF ni snot 825,003 snot
,nerraW kraM snot 939,562 atosenniM fo latot a detroper etats ehT 211,893 sionillI .5002 ni snot 188,904 awoI
snot 96 ainigriV
snot 790,51 srehto 32
snot 458,16 sionillI
snot 125,56 nagihciM
.5002 ni etats fo tuo morf snot 815,79 oihO
fdp.50raf snot 687,901 ykcutneK
/dnal/stnemucod/golatac/medi/vog.ni.www//:ptth etsaw dilos rehto fo snot snot
snot 984,511 oihO 000,856 deviecer osla etats 078,071 ykcutneK .5002 ni anaidnI morf
4264-332 )713( ehT .3002 morf snot noillim WSM fo snot 185,160,1
tnemeganaM latnemnorivnE fo tpeD NI snot 5.1 fo esaercni na ,5002 snot fo latot a detroper
,elddeW ellehciM 549,221,2 sionillI ni WSM fo snot 838,824,2 072,137 nagihciM setats gniviecer eviF anaidnI
snot 233,6 ykcutneK
snot 629,21 awoI
snot 590,17 iruossiM
.setats rehto 6 morf stnuoma llamS snot
)%2( nisnocsiW 835,614 nagihciM
lmth.xedni
/yticapac-llifdnal/dnal/su.li.etats.ape.www//:ptth snot .3002 ecnis delbuod naht
)%3( anaidnI ).SRC yb snot ot sdray 351,214,1 erom stropxE .5002 ni
nisnocsiW
8829-287 )712( )%91( awoI cibuc morf detrevnoc ataD( sionillI morf WSM fo snot
ycnegA noitcetorP latnemnorivnE LI .5002 ni stropmi fo snot snot 976,144,4 gniviecer troper
,nosniboR nellE )%67( iruossiM 898,411,2 stroper etats ehT 536,225,2 anaidnI setats gnirobhgien xiS sionillI
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.4002 snot 78 .aV tseW
fdp.5002_YC_tropeR_DM_ni_deganaM_WS raey radnelac ot derapmoc
%73 desaercni stropmI .5002 snot 053,62 ainavlysnneP .ainigriV ot
/tnemucod/stessa/su.dm.etats.edm.www//:ptth
ni D&C yltsom ,etsaw rehto snot 454,92 aigroeG tnew stropxe eht fo %79
8133-735 )014( fo snot 538,542 dna ,WSM .5002 ni dnalyraM morf
tnemnorivnE eht fo tpeD DM .C.D dna ,ainavlysnneP ,ainigriV etats-fo-tuo fo snot 110,682 snot snot 402,840,2 gniviecer
,retxeD drawdE tseW ,kroY weN ,sttesuhcassaM gniviecer detroper etats ehT 313,299,1 ainigriV detroper setats gnivieceR dnalyraM
.erihspmaH weN morf semoc
ylbaborp tser ehT .sttesuhcassaM
9575-782 )702( morf emoc ot deveileb .5002 .erihspmaH weN ot tser eht
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo tpeD EM si etsaw eht fo 4/3 ot 3/2 tub ,nigiro ni etsaw D&C dna WSM fo dna ,adanaC ,kciwsnurB weN .5002 ni snot 973,17
,dlanoDcaM egroeG fo etats troper t'nod seitilicaF snot 214,634 detropmi eniaM ot tnew snot 000,51 tuobA fo stropxe stroper eniaM eniaM
).atad .aL no desab setamitse SRC(
snot 005,6 sasnakrA snot
379,701 ippississiM .3002
6623-912 )522( snot 003,01 saxeT morf egnahc elttiL .5002
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AL .)6002 ,03 enuJ-5002 ,1 snot ni snot 885,062 detroper
,sregoR nhoJ snot 000,06 ippississiM yluJ( 6002YF ni snot 091,77 516,251 saxeT setats gnirobhgieN anaisiuoL
.ainigriV dna ,yesreJ weN ,iruossiM
,sionillI morf stnuoma rellamS snot 772,4 sionillI
snot 639,601 .aV tseW snot 976,85 oihO
snot 614,621 eessenneT snot
563,141 anaidnI
6176-465 )205( snot 078,071 anaidnI .snot 151,686 ot
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE rof .tpeD YK ylthgils esor 6002 ni stropmI snot .3002 ecnis esaercni %84
,tnayrB nallA snot 209,942 oihO .5002 ni snot 586,366 638,382 eessenneT a ,5002 ni snot 751,884 ykcutneK
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.stnuoma llams deppihs
)yesreJ weN dna ,sttesuhcassaM .%1 naht ssel gnisaercni
,kroY weN( setats rehto eerhT ,6002YF ni ffo delevel
stropmI ).SRC yb snot ot
snot 846,112 nisnocsiW sdray cibuc morf detrevnoc
snot 197,992 oihO ataD( .etsaw dilos lairtsudni .3002 ecnis
fdp.5002YFdellifdnaLetsaWdiloStropeR-wsts fo snot 000,127 detropmi snot 000,521 fo esaerced
snot 835,614 sionillI osla nagihciM .3002 YF ecnis a ,5002 ni nagihciM morf
-mhw-qed/stnemucod/su.im.etats.qed.www//:ptth nisnocsiW
snot 072,137 anaidnI snot noillim a flah tsomla fo snot 676,1 snot 558,99 detroper
1474-373 )715( esaercni na ,snot 440,244,5 snot 856,23 oihO setats gnirobhgien
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD IM snot erew WSM fo stropmi eerht tub ,stropxe
,relliM anitsirhC 171,187,3 oiratnO ,)50/9 - 40/01( 5002YF nI snot 125,56 anaidnI kcart ton seod etats ehT nagihciM
snot 22 ainigriV
snot 372 nagihciM
snot 714,5 ainavlysnneP
snot 429,5 dnalsI edohR
snot 429,63 tucitcennoC
snot
763,101 dnalyraM
snot
047,861 oihO
snot
166,612 kroY weN
snot
snot 36 eniaM 573,182 erihspmaH .N
snot 726 kroY weN snot
snot 193,61 tnomreV 000,003 eniaM
snot 435,03 dnalsI edohR snot
747,493 aigroeG .5002
8755-292 )716( snot 970,14 erihspmaH .N .snot 548,961 ni sttesuhcassaM morf
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AM fo latot a gnitropmi detroper snot snot 549,689,1 fo latot a
,egdirdloH nairB snot 151,18 tucitcennoC sttesuhcassaM ,5002 nI 594,574 aniloraC .S detroper setats gnivieceR sttesuhcassaM
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.WSM
.hatU dna gnimoyW morf tser ehT fo tnuoma tnacifingis
4925-444 )604( snot 000,3 atokaD .N .3002 yna tropxe ot deveileb
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TM ni tnuoma eht ot lacitnedi ton si dna ,stropxe
,yelworC taP snot 000,92 ohadI tsomla--5002 ni snot 502,23 .A.N kcart ton seod anatnoM anatnoM
snot 037,2 ykcutneK
snot 475,7 )60`( sasnakrA
snot 327,9 eessenneT
snot 407,6 awoI snot 758,01 awoI
snot 495,73 sasnaK snot
653,967 sasnaK
3483-625 )375( snot 719,18 sionillI .6002 ni snot 170,025,2
secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD OM .3002 revo esaercni snot
,niffirG-llahsraM adnelG snot 446,101 sasnakrA thgils a ,6002 ni snot 858,722 526,895,1 sionillI ;5002 ni snot 568,893,2 iruossiM
tnemelEnepO?fdp.noisreV02%beW02%
-02%5002tropeRlaunnA
/eliF$/tropeRsutatS5002_WS snot 598,92 sasnakrA
/fdp/fsn.QEDM/su.sm.etats.qed.www//:ptth snot 715,79 amabalA )6002YF(
snot 000,06 anaisiuoL
2805-169 )106( snot 379,701 anaisiuoL .2002 ecnis elbats ylevitaler
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD SM neeb evah stnuoma detropmI snot .setats gniviecer
,lawohB pidarP snot 193,813 eessenneT .5002 ni snot 277,355 461,431 eessenneT ot gnidrocca ,snot 461,491 ippississiM
snot 005,1 atokaD .S
snot 000,88 atokaD .N
snot
939,562 awoI
3727-692 )156( .detropmi .snot
ycnegA lortnoC noitulloP NM neeb sah tnuoma elbigilgen snot 000,580,1 tuoba detropxe
,selihC miJ .A.N a ,etats eht ot gnidroccA 462,927 nisnocsiW etats eht ,5002 nI atosenniM
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
snot 658,6 dnalsI edohR
snot 166,01 tucitcennoC .2002
ot derapmoc degnahcnu
snot 008,94 tnomreV erew stropmI .sttesuhcassaM .setats gniviecer
3173-172 )306( snot 000,45 eniaM morf yliramirp ,WSM morf stroper no desab
secivreS latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD HN fo snot 009,204 detropmi .sttesuhcassaM ot ,5002 ni snot 000,571 erihspmaH
,reruaM dlanoD snot 573,182 sttesuhcassaM erihspmaH weN ,5002 nI snot 000,14 ;eniaM ot yltsoM fo stropxe setamitse SRC weN
.etats
eht fo renroc tsaehtron
eht ni seitinummoc redrob
morf ohadI ot detropxe
.anozirA dna hatU ni seitinummoc si tnuoma llams a ,noitidda
9649-786 )577( gnirobhgien morf detropmi nI .adaveN morf WSM
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo noisiviD VN si tnuoma llams A .ainrofilaC fo snot 005,4 deviecer
,nospmiS evaD morf )snot 900,973( lla tsomlA .5002 ni snot 917,183 .ohadI ,anozirA ti taht setamitse anozirA adaveN
.6002 YF ni aksarbeN
morf snot 826,32
deviecer enola awoI .5002
.5002YF ni WSM ni aksarbeN morf snot
fo snot 820,5 aksarbeN 514,21 gniviecer detroper
0124-174 )204( gnidnes stroper awoI snot 364,3 sasnaK sasnaK dna awoI tub
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD EN .stropmi WSM no sdrocer ,stropxe WSM no sdrocer
,llewoP htieK .awoI tcelloc ton seod etats ehT snot 259,8 awoI tcelloc ton seod etats ehT aksarbeN
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.hatU
ylbissop dna ,ocixeM ,amohalkO
,anozirA morf si tser ehT
1653-674 )505( snot 000,71 odaroloC .3002 ecnis snot 000,56 .ocixeM weN morf etsaw
.tpeD tnemnorivnE MN tuoba fo esaerced a ,5002 ni fo stnuoma llams gniviecer
,siretsaP einnoC snot 000,054 saxeT detropmi erew snot 543,174 .anozirA dna saxeT troper anozirA dna saxeT ocixeM weN
snot 085 dnalyraM
snot 680,2 .aV tseW
snot 631,65 kroY weN
snot
617,551 aniloraC .S
snot
656,613 oihO
snot 471,4 setats rehto 9 snot
900,433 ainigriV
snot 986,61 lanoitanretnI
snot
snot 059,07 ainavlysnneP 747,493 aigroeG
3096-489 )906( .setats gniviecer
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD JN snot .kroY weN morf snot thgie ot gnidrocca
,boroW yaR 619,936,1 kroY weN %49 ,5002 ni snot 927,137,1 809,215,4 ainavlysnneP ,5002 ni snot 838,277,5 yesreJ weN
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.5002
6615-823 )107( ni anatnoM ot snot 000,3
htlaeH fo .tpeD DN .atosenniM ot gnidrocca detropxe atokaD htroN
,nostolliT evetS atosenniM ,5002 ni snot 000,88 anatnoM taht setamitse anatnoM atokaD htroN
.etats eht ni detareneg
etsaw eht fo %01
revo ylthgils rof tnuocca
snot 079,1 .aV tseW stropxE .lasopsid rof
snot 866,24 aigroeG aniloraC htroN ot kcab
fdp.60 .aniloraC htroN morf etsaw tnes erew ,gnilab retfa
eht deviecer yllanigiro hcihw snot 608,65 eessenneT ,hcihw ,noitats refsnart
-50RA/emohws/su.cn.etats.rne.tonetsaw//:ptth
,noitats refsnart aniloraC snot aniloraC htuoS a ot snot
9948-805 )919( htuoS a morf detropmi etsaw 868,814 ainigriV 100,69 detropxe etats
secruoseR snot 736,65 ainigriV fo snot 888,701 edulcni eht ,noitidda nI .setats
larutaN dna tnemnorivnE fo .tpeD CN ton seoD .)6002 enuJ-5002 snot gniviecer ot gnidrocca aniloraC
,rediehcsroL nellE snot 166,08 aniloraC .S yluJ( 6002YF ni snot 892,731 470,455 aniloraC .S ,5002 ni snot 683,470,1 htroN
snot 051 ykcutneK
snot 726 sttesuhcassaM
snot 523,1 nagihciM
snot 967,3 tucitcennoC
snot 018,31 .aV tseW
snot 674,1 erihspmaH .N
snot 543,57 aigroeG
snot 411,2 cebeuQ
snot
snot 780,83 nomreV 999,385 oihO
.5002 ni snot 305,070,4
snot 863,14 ainavlysnneP .5002 ni etsaw dilos rehto snot fo stropxe detroper
snot 631,65 yesreJ weN fo snot 000,093 detropmi 619,936,1 yesreJ weN seitilicaf kroY weN
osla etats ehT .3002 ecnis snot .3002 ecnis snot noillim
snot 822,591 oiratnO snot 000,054 fo esaercni 1 revo fo esaerced a ,5002
457,308,1 ainigriV
2668-204 )815( snot 166,612 sttesuhcassaM na ,5002 ni detropmi ni kroY weN morf snot
noitavresnoC latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD etatS YN erew WSM fo snot 380,967 snot 846,891,7 fo latot a troper
,rengaW drareG snot 310,812 tucitcennoC taht stroper kroY weN 359,570,3 ainavlysnneP setats gnitropmi neT kroY weN
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
snot 008,1 ohadI .raey taht nogerO
snot 000,94 ainrofilaC ni desopsid etsaw eht lla fo
1255-922 )305( %73 rof detnuocca stropmI
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD RO snot .5002 ni WSM fo snot .5002 ni WSM fo snot
,nosredneH yduJ 171,547,1 notgnihsaW 179,597,1 detropmi nogerO .ohadI dna notgnihsaW 834,25 detropxe nogerO nogerO
).SRC
yb snot ot sdray cibuc
morf detrevnoc erew dna
5002YF rof era nagihciM
rof ataD( .latot eht fo %59
snot deviecer nagihciM .setats
822,591 kroY weN gniviecer ot gnidrocca
0244-523 )614( ,5002 ni setatS detinU
ygrenE dna tnemnorivnE fo yrtsiniM oiratnO snot eht ot WSM fo snot adanaC
,epoP ecurB .A.N .enoN 171,187,3 nagihciM 993,679,3 deppihs oiratnO ,oiratnO
.sasnaK ni denepo
llifdnal wen a nehw ,6002
-etal ot dim ni yltnacifingis
deppord detropmi ytitnauq
eht tub ,5002 ni amohalkO .ocixeM weN ot stnuoma llamS
ot aera atihciW eht morf snot 994,72 sasnaK .setats gniviecer
0015-207 )504( deppihs erew etsaw fo snot morf stroper no desab
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD KO 868,004 taht stroper sasnaK snot 000,08 ,5002 ni snot 000,011
,streboR nhoJ .sasnaK morf yltsoM .stropmi kcart ton seod etatS tuoba saxeT ta stropxe setamitse SRC amohalkO
snot 251 ainigriV
snot 518 aigroeG
snot 238,92 ainavlysnneP
snot
984,511 anaidnI
.snot 074,986,1
.)%3( ykcutneK dna ,)%4( delatot ,WSM fo tnelaviuqe snot
ainigriV tseW ,)%6( anaidnI ,)%8( eht ,etsaw dilos lareneg 420,161 .aV tseW
fdp.etsaw_etats_fo_tuo_5002
/stcaf/cip/su.ho.etats.ape.www//:ptth tucitcennoC ,)%01( sttesuhcassaM fo stropmI .WSM-non rehto snot
,)%31( ainavlysnneP ,)%91( dna ,etsaw lairtsudni ,etsaw 209,942 ykcutneK
8635-827 )416( yesreJ weN ,)%53( kroY weN D&C saw ti fo %34 tub .3002 ecnis snot 000,052
ycnegA noitcetorP latnemnorivnE HO erew secruos tsegral ehT .setats ,5002 ni etsaw dilos fo snot snot tsomla fo esaerced
,notneK ellehciM 72 morf etsaw detropmi oihO 254,420,3 detropmi oihO 197,992 nagihciM a ,5002 ni snot 500,758 oihO
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.lasopsid rof etats
-fo-tuo kcab tnes sa detroper .yesreJ weN dna
saw IR ot detropmi WSM tucitcennoC ot stnuoma llamS
lla ,5002 nI .etats-fo-tuo
morf WSM tpecca ton seod snot 658,6 erihspmaH .N
0627x 7972-222 )104( IR ,revewoh ,yllaiciffO .IR ot snot 435,03 sttesuhcassaM .5002 ni dnalsI edohR
tnemeganaM latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD IR WSM fo snot 429,5 gnidnes morf WSM fo snot 770,67
,tdimhcS treboR sttesuhcassaM stroper sttesuhcassaM snot 786,83 aigroeG detroper setats gnivieceR dnalsI edohR
snot 679,61 srehto 6
snot 053,62 dnalyraM
snot 238,92 oihO
snot 462,86 .aV tseW
snot 007,102 tucitcennoC
snot
359,570,3 kroY weN
snot .5002 ).atad oihO no desab ,SRC
809,215,4 yesreJ weN ni etats fo tuo morf etsaw yb detamitse oihO ot stropxE(
dilos rehto fo snot noillim
7.1 deviecer ainavlysnneP snot 384,1 ainigriV
,WSM ot noitidda nI .stropmi snot 315,9 ainigriV tseW
1=MP&354464=Q&8321=a?psa.weiv/pwc fo latot lanoitan eht fo %02 .5002
tuoba gnitneserper ,WSM fo snot 863,14 kroY weN ni WSM fo snot 562,833
/etsawcerdnal/su.ap.etats.bewped.www//:ptth .5002 retropmi tsegral eht ,raf yb snot 059,07 yesreJ weN detropxe ainavlysnneP
2837-787 )717( ni stropmi WSM s'ainavlysnneP ,llits si etats ehT .1002 ecnis ,setats gnirobhgien
noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AP fo %69 ylraen rof detnuocca snot noillim 7.2 fo enilced snot ot gnidroccA .stropxe
,namhoL yllaS kroY weN dna yesreJ weN a 5002 ni snot 489,139,7 159,412 oihO kcart ton seod etats ehT ainavlysnneP
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
).atad saxeT
no desab detamitse era sasnakrA
dna amohalkO( .sasnaK dna
ocixeM weN morf stnuoma llamS
snot 125,22 sasnakrA )6002YF(
snot 003,01 anaisiuoL
3166-932 )215( snot 912,38 amohalkO
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE no noissimmoC XT snot
,kcolB drawdE snot 516,251 anaisiuoL .5002 ni snot 040,952 000,054 ocixeM weN .snot 000,064 saxeT
)atad 5002( .setats .ainigriV .W dna
rehto 5 morf emac redniamer ehT anaidnI ot tnew redniamer ehT
snot 380,03 aigroeG
snot 608,65 CN snot 508,93 ainigriV .1002 ecnis
snot %07 tuoba fo esaercni
snot 461,431 ippississiM .6002 ot 3002 614,621 na ,5002 ni eessenneT
ykcutneK
0108-235 )516( snot 584,741 ainigriV morf %82 desaercni stropmI morf etsaw fo snot
noitavresnoC dna tnemnorivnE fo .tpeD NT .6002 ni snot 065,147 snot 698,815 gniviecer troper
,raehsarB enyaW .A snot 638,382 ykcutneK ,5002 ni snot 114,286 193,813 ippississiM setats gnirobhgien xiS eessenneT
.5002 ni atokaD
htuoS ot etsaw fo snot
3513-377 )506( 005,1 deppihs gnivah stroper
secruoseR larutaN dna tnemnorivnE fo .tpeD DS atosenniM .WSM fo stropmi .WSM fo stropxe
,etneW miJ atosenniM kcart ton seod etats ehT .A.N kcart ton seod etats ehT atokaD htuoS
.aniloraC
htroN dna ,erawaleD ,aigroeG
morf yltsom emac WSM-noN
snot 018,82 aigroeG
snot 288,92 saxeT .sllifdnal snot 994 ainigriV
fdp.f50wsm/smrof/elcycer/vog.cehdcs.www//:ptth snot 617,551 WSM ta desopsid etsaw
yesreJ weN dilos rehto fo snot 601,482 snot 847 .aV tseW
9414-698 )308( snot 594,574 sttesuhcassaM sulp ,)50/6-40/7( 5002YF snot 166,08 )6002YF( CN .aniloraC htuoS morf
lortnoC latnemnorivnE dna htlaeH fo .tpeD CS ni WSM fo snot 399,342,1 etsaw fo snot 646,361 aniloraC
,snevetS eteP snot 470,455 aniloraC .N detropmi aniloraC htuoS snot 837,18 aigroeG detroper setats gnivieceR htuoS
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
.setats
rehto 31 morf stnuoma rellamS
snot 900,433 yesreJ weN .3002 htiw derapmoc snot 44 aigroeG
snot 868,814 aniloraC .N snot 000,004 tuoba
yb desaercni stropmI .)etsaw snot 382 ykcutneK
snot lairtsudni dna ,hsa rotarenicni snot 819 ainavlysnneP
007,950,1 CD ,etsaw D&C yltsom(
etsaw rehto fo snot noillim snot 123,5 .aV tseW
lmth.srwsa/etsaw/vog.ainigriv.qed.www//:ptth snot
457,308,1 kroY weN 3.1 dna 5002 ni WSM fo snot snot 736,65 )6002YF( CN .ainigriV morf stropxe
6734-896 )408( 144,907,5 detropmi etats fo snot 886,012 troper
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AV snot ehT .retropmi etsaw tsegral snot setats xiS .stropxe WSM
,mharF yhtaK 313,299,1 dnalyraM -dnoces eht sniamer ainigriV 584,741 eessenneT kcart ton seod etats ehT ainigriV
.lasopsid
rof etats fo tuo seog
etats eht ni detareneg
snot 193,61 sttesuhcassaM etsaw eht fo %02
6443-142 )208( .etsaw snot 780,83 kroY weN tuobA .setats gniviecer ot
noitavresnoC latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TV etats-fo-tuo yna eviecer gnidrocca ,detropxe erew
,htrabkcaH eiluJ .A.N ton od tnomreV ni seitilicaF snot 008,94 erihspmaH .N snot 872,401 ,5002 nI tnomreV
.anatnoM
ot snot 05 spahreP
.hatU morf etsaw fo snot
005 tuoba stroper anozirA
,oslA .adaveN ,revodneW
ot ,hatU ,revodneW
morf tnew etsaw
4976-835 )108( .etsaw lairtsudni fo snot 000,1 tuoba ,sraey
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TU fo snot 738,572 sulp suoiverp ni sA .snot 005,1
,nhoB hplaR anozirA ,5002 ni WSM fo snot 830,61 anatnoM ,anozirA ,adaveN ta stropxe setamitse SRC hatU
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
elbaliava ton = .A.N :etoN
.slaiciffo margorp etats yb dedivorp noitamrofni no desab ,SRC :ecruoS
.gnimoyW morf
8643-374 )703( .etats eht retne yam yad snot 002 tuoba detroper
ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD YW a snot wef A .atad tropmi anatnoM .atad tropxe
,rotcoD boB .A.N tcelloc ton seod etats ehT anatnoM tcelloc ton seod etats ehT gnimoyW
snot 125,1 anaidnI .3002
ecnis %32 fo esaercni
snot 676,1 nagihciM .yllaitnatsbus snot 109,2 awoI na ,5002 ni stropxe
snot 462,927 .nniM desaercni htob atosenniM snot 650,74 sionillI nisnocsiW fo snot 621,362
1112-662 )806( dna sionillI morf stropmI detroper setats gniviecer
secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD IW snot .3002 ecnis %77 fo esaercni snot ruof tub ,atad tropxe
,relliM yesdniL 351,214,1 sionillI na ,5002 ni snot 331,341,2 846,112 nagihciM tcelloc ton seod etats ehT nisnocsiW
).atad oihO no desab ,SRC
.setats rehto 6 morf tser ehT yb detamitse oihO ot stropxE(
snot 977,1 setats rehto 3
snot 448,8 dnalyraM
snot 411,83 ainigriV
snot 326,5 ainigriV .5002 .3002 ecnis degnahcnu
ni ainigriV tseW ni lasopsid snot 462,86 ainavlysnneP yllautriv stropxE
snot 315,9 .nneP etsaw latot fo %01 tuoba .ainigriV tseW morf
snot 103,47 oihO
8440-629 )403( snot 018,31 YN detneserper stropmI .3002 etsaw fo snot 832,892
draoB tnemeganaM etsaW diloS VW ecnis %03 tsomla fo esaerced snot detroper setats gniviecer
,iksworoB naJ snot 420,161 oihO a ,5002 ni snot 719,491 639,601 ykcutneK thgiE .metsys gnikcart oN ainigriV tseW
.etsaw fo stnuoma
laitnatsbus stropxe
etats eht ,stnemegnarra
snot 31 anatnoM lautcartnoc fo esuaceb tub
snot 102,52 aksalA ,)setar lasopsid tnerruc ta
fdp.4207060/sbup/vog.aw.yce.www//:ptth snot 652,23 sraey 83( yticapac lasopsid
ohadI fo snot noillim 002 revo
2316-704 )063( snot 455,54 nogerO .etsaw rehto sah notgnihsaW .nogerO
ygolocE fo .tpeD AW fo snot 211,76 sulp ,5002 ot gnidrocca ,5002
,doowyaC nellE snot 438,101 adanaC ,.C.B ni WSM fo snot 647,741 .nogerO ni WSM fo snot 171,547,1 notgnihsaW
noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS
lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA
James E. McCarthy
Specialist in Environmental Policy
jmccarthy@crs.loc.gov, 7-7225
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For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34043